Pressure and equilibrium in deforming rocks          下载免费PDF全文

Bruce E. Hobbs  Alison Ord 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2017,35(9):967-982

It is widely proposed that tectonic pressure (the difference between the mean stress and the pressure arising from a lithostatic load) is large, and has a significant influence on mineral phase equilibria in deforming metamorphic rocks. The implication/assertion is that the mean stress is equivalent to the thermodynamic pressure which characterizes mineral phase equilibria and is a measure of how the energy changes as the volume changes. We distinguish two useful thermodynamic pressures. The first is an equilibrium thermodynamic pressure, characteristic of non‐dissipative systems and related directly to equilibrium values of the chemical potentials that define stable, equilibrium phase assemblages. The second is a non‐equilibrium thermodynamic pressure characteristic of dissipative systems with zero net entropy production and related to non‐equilibrium chemical potentials that define stable non‐equilibrium phase assemblages. In many dissipative metamorphic systems discussed in the literature, the concepts of thermodynamic pressure and chemical potential are not usefully defined because the system is not at equilibrium and/or no volume change is involved in the deformation. The conclusion of this note is that the influence of tectonic pressure on phase equilibria is minor. The role of tectonic pressure is an important issue but is only relevant to phase equilibrium when an equilibrium thermodynamic pressure can be defined; in such cases, the influence of tectonic pressure is small compared to many proposals in the literature. Except for elastic deformations, the mean stress is not useful in discussing mineral phase equilibrium.  相似文献   

Local and regional differences in the chemical potential of water in amphibolite facies pelitic schists     

M.P. DICKENSON  III 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1988,6(3):365-381

Abstract Mineral assemblages in different samples of amphibolite facies pelitic schists collected from two separate outcrops in the Moosilauke area, NH, record differences in the chemical potential of water during metamorphism. Mineralogical, petrological, and field relations indicate that mineral assemblages at both outcrops equilibrated at 520°C and 3.5–4.0 kbar. Thermodynamic analysis of the mineral assemblages demonstrates that maximum chemical potential differences at each outcrop were of the order of 150 calories, over distances of 10–20 m.
The differences in the chemical potential of water recorded in both bed-to-bed and outcrop-to-outcrop relations are consistent with the following conclusions: (1) mineral assemblages on a specific outcrop did not equilibrate with an external reservoir of fluid of fixed composition, (2) the relatively small magnitude of the chemical potential differences suggests little or no infiltration of externally derived fluid, (3) these differences on the outcrop scale are probably related to initial compositional variations and the buffer capacity of the mineral assemblage, and (4) the different values of the chemical potential of water exhibited by the various mineral assemblages permits an understanding of the effects of variable μ_H2O for amphibolite facies pelitic schists.  相似文献   

冬季亚澳季风环流的低频耦合过程     

何金海  王坚红  苗春生 《热带气象学报》1993,9(3):193-201

利用1982—1983年和1984—1985年两个冬季的欧洲中期预报中心格点资料研究了冬季东亚西风急流与澳大利亚夏季风在低频尺度上的相互作用与可能的传播方式。结果表明,我国北部上空的西风急流(及相应的锋区)与澳大利亚的夏季风的低频变化有很好的一致性。它们的联系和相互作用表现为:东亚西风急流通过改变西北太平洋地区的越赤道气流影响澳大利亚夏季风的低频变化,而澳大利亚夏季风则通过增强或减弱的高空辐散向北气流影响东亚西风急流。将这种相互作用称为亚澳季风环流的“低频耦合过程”。  相似文献   

A NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF WIND FIELDS AT UPPER LEVELS IN THE MEIYU PERIOD ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LOW LEVEL JET AND MESOSCALE SYSTEMS          下载免费PDF全文

翟国庆  高坤  孙淑清 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1998,(1)

Using a mesoscale model,a numerical study on a heavy rainfall case occurring in theChangjiang-Huaihe River Basin is made in this paper.The influence of the intensity ofnortheasterly wind in front of the Qinghai-Xizang high at upper level on the low level wind fieldand development of mesoscale systems as well as heavy rainfall is investigated.The model wellreproduced the heavy rainfall process and the weather systems associated.And it indicates that thestrong northeasterly flow around the high at upper troposphere will bring about not only thestrengthening of low level southeasterly wind,but also the appearance of shear-line and mesoscalevortex at low level.The coupling of northerly wind at upper level and southerly wind at lowerlevel constructs a vertical indirect circulation which is most favourable for the development ofconvective motions.Its ascending branch in the shear-line area is very strong and shows apronounced mesoscale characteristic.  相似文献   

Deformation of the Japanese Islands and seismic coupling: an interpretation based on GSI permanent GPS observations   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Xavier Le Pichon  Stéphane Mazzotti  Pierre Henry  & Manabu Hashimoto 《Geophysical Journal International》1998,134(2):501-514

  相似文献   

氮迁移转化对地下水硬度升高的影响   总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15  

王东胜  沈照理 《现代地质》1998,12(3):431-436

城市地下水硬度升高是一个普遍的环境问题,研究表明地下水硬度高值区与硝酸盐污染在空间上的分布具有一致性。通过室内土柱试验和化学热力学模拟,讨论了污水入渗过程中氮迁移转化对水土系统钙镁迁移的影响。结果表明：在连续入渗条件下,阳离子交换作用是控制地下水硬度升高的主要过程;在间歇入渗条件下,硝化作用改变了土水系统的酸碱条件,使钙镁难溶盐溶解,导致地下水硬度升高。  相似文献   

适应极地快速变化海冰模式的研发与挑战          下载免费PDF全文

刘骥平  雷瑞波  宋米荣  徐世明  季顺迎  苏洁  李志军  王晓春  朱珠  杨朝渊 《大气科学学报》2021,44(1):12-25

极地海冰是地球气候系统的重要组成部分,也是气候环境变化的指示器和放大器。极地海冰复杂的多尺度物理过程和极地观测资料的匮乏,给海冰模式的研发带来了巨大的挑战。在过去的半个多世纪中,大气-海冰-海洋的复杂相互作用和冰内物理过程在海冰模式中的数学描述取得了重大的进展,但海冰模式对一些重要物理过程的描述仍很不完善,尤其是近年来极地海冰的快速变化及其物理特性的变化,极大地增加了海冰模式物理参数化方案和模拟结果的不确定性。因此,迫切需要具备完善物理过程、适应海冰多尺度快速变化的高分辨率海冰模式,并应用于全球气候变化的研究和预测以及极地的开发利用。本文从海冰模式的发展历程和现状、极地海冰快速变化给海冰模式带来的挑战以及适应极地快速变化海冰模式的改进和发展研究方向三个方面进行了阐述和讨论。  相似文献   

台风Lekima(1909)登陆前后动热力结构变化对浙江极端降水的影响     

韩芙蓉  鹿翔  冯晓钰  吴天贻  黄嘉仪 《热带气象学报》2021,37(1):34-48

利用NCEP FNL 1 °×1 °的全球再分析资料、FY-2F卫星相当黑体亮温TBB资料、中国自动站与CMORPH降水产品融合的逐时降水资料和多普勒天气雷达资料,重点分析了台风Lekima(2019)发展演变过程中的动热力结构变化和水汽分布特征与浙江极端强降水之间的关系。台风Lekima(2019)近海急剧加强为具有特殊双眼壁结构的超强台风,登陆前后环境水平风垂直切变维持较小值是主导台风高强度维持的重要原因。浙江上空维持着强盛的低层辐合和高层辐散场,高低层辐散风的高强度维持使得次级环流抽吸作用强,低层旋转风和辐散风对水汽、动量和热量的输送和分布起到显著的再分配作用,而中层的辐散风风向和风速变化对螺旋云带中的中尺度对流性降水具有重要的指示意义。登陆前后台风低层东北侧(超)低空急流和中层的辐合线是此次浙江台风暴雨的关键点,业务中需密切关注登陆前后台风东北侧的低空急流的影响区域及其变化。此外,700 hPa上非地转湿Q矢量散度场能较好指示未来1小时短时强降水的落区和强度变化,同时结合垂直速度场和低层水汽辐合场来综合判断台风降水落区的效果更佳。   相似文献   

土地利用转型与乡村转型发展耦合研究进展及展望   总被引：14，自引：7，他引：14  

龙花楼  戈大专  王介勇 《地理学报》2019,74(12):2546-2559

城乡转型发展进程中,土地利用转型与乡村转型发展是乡村地域系统演变的重要特征,系统开展土地利用转型与乡村转型发展的耦合过程及互动机理研究有利于揭示乡村演变的内在规律。土地利用转型研究为深化乡村地理学研究提供了一个全新的视角。深入开展土地利用转型与乡村转型发展耦合研究可为因地制宜制定乡村发展战略,适时调控乡村土地利用政策提供参考。当前,针对土地利用转型与乡村转型发展耦合研究的理论体系、技术方法、内在机理等尚缺乏系统的建构,基于耦合研究优化乡村转型重构的路径仍显不足。为此,本文在系统梳理土地利用转型与乡村转型发展耦合研究进展的基础上,从耦合理论分析框架、“格局—过程”耦合和梯度分异导向的耦合三个层面提出针对性的研究展望,以期丰富乡村地理学研究内容。  相似文献   

The impact of changing climate on phenology,productivity, and benthic–pelagic coupling in Narragansett Bay     

Scott W. Nixon  Robinson W. FulweilerBetty A. Buckley  Stephen L. GrangerBarbara L. Nowicki  Kelly M. Henry 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2009

The timing and magnitude of phytoplankton blooms have changed markedly in Narragansett Bay, RI (USA) over the last half century. The traditional winter–spring bloom has decreased or, in many years, disappeared. Relatively short, often intense, diatom blooms have become common in spring, summer, and fall replacing the summer flagellate blooms of the past. The annual and summer mean abundance (cell counts) and biomass (chl a) of phytoplankton appear to have decreased based on almost 50 years of biweekly monitoring by others at a mid bay station. These changes have been related to warming of the water, especially during winter, and to increased cloudiness. A significant decline in the winter wind speed may also have played a role. The changes in the phenology of the phytoplankton and the oligotrophication of the bay appear to have decreased greatly the quantity and (perhaps) quality of the organic matter being deposited on the bottom of the bay. This decline has resulted in a very much reduced benthic metabolism as reflected in oxygen uptake, nutrient regeneration, and the magnitude and direction of the net flux of N₂ gas. Based on many decades of standard weekly trawls carried out by the Graduate School of Oceanography, the winter biomass of bottom feeding epibenthic animals has also declined sharply at the mid bay station. After decades of relatively constant anthropogenic nitrogen loading (and declining phosphorus loading), the fertilization of the bay will soon be reduced during May–October due to implementation of advanced wastewater treatment. This is intended to produce an oligotrophication of the urban Providence River estuary and the Upper Bay. The anticipated decline in the productivity of the upper bay region will probably decrease summer hypoxia in that area. However, it may have unanticipated consequences for secondary production in the mid and lower bay where climate-induced oligotrophication has already much weakened the historically strong benthic–pelagic coupling.  相似文献